Lets Just say something about Handwriting The writing custom we learned during our time at school are very difficult to misplace, as we get use to the particular way that we clasp a pen, form the letters we write and how we space our words and lines. Those are the factors that prove informative during the analysis of a document. Investigators analyze these aspects of suspicious documents i.e the printing style, paper and ink, all of which help to identify a forged letter.
The handwriting section of forensic science involves relating and the authentication of written documents such as ransom notes, forged contracts, forged wills, fake ID's and passports and any additional form of writing or printed material. The analysis of someone's handwriting is most frequently used to prove that two documents were written by the same person. When looking at a person's handwriting, the examiners usually look for personalized characteristics under four areas including line quality, form, content and arrangement.

The analysis of writing involves investigating the shape of singular letters and identifying if the slant is in a certain direction, the size and how they are connected with the next letter. Strange characteristics, such as the use of a plus sign or the amperes and are also noted. Examining the content of written and printed papers is done to identify similarities between punctuation, spelling, grammar, vocabulary and paragraph phrasing.Document examiners contrast unidentified documents with a 'standard', a sample from a suspect. A standard is usually formed by the suspect under supervision. Even under supervision, the suspect still has the chance to disguise their handwriting, which is why investigators then have to collect other standards of casual handwriting from a suspect. The casual handwriting is undisguised and can therefore be compared with the unknown sample either with words that match or letter-by-letter.

Primarily, comparisons are done with the naked eye or with a hand held lens, however, the methods used today are by far more precise. Special lighting can help to reveal small, but valuable details about how a document was altered or created. Angled lights identify indents on the paper, which suggests that a signature was traced and also shows the roughness left on the paper after an eraser has been used. Backlighting makes areas where an eraser has been used, turn lighter and makes correction fluids dark. Examination using an infrared spectroscope can identify if ink, that appears the same colour, is actually from a different source by giving each color a different cipher.

In the beginning.... Before there was writing, there was only verbal communication, with cultural norms, rituals and stories passed on orally from one generation to the next. As language and cultures evolved, so did the need for communication. Simple drawings became pictographs, and pictographs became standardized within each culture.

What is writing? Writing is a codified system of standard symbols: the repetition of agreed-upon simple shapes to represent ideas. Recognizable systems of writing developed in 3 major cultures within 1200 years of each other. Sumerian cuneiform developed
around 3000 BC, Egyptian hieroglyphs around 2800 BC, and the precursor to Kanji Chinese around 1800 BC. The creation of writing permitted cultures to record events, history, laws; theories in math, science, medicine; generate literature and more.

Simple pictographs were used to represent people, places and things. As the needs for communication expanded, different pictographs were combined to represent ideas, and required knowledge to interpret the new symbols. These became ideographs: abstract symbols that evolved beyond the original drawings.

Types Of Fingerprints

Visible prints
Visible prints, also called patent prints are left in some netural, like blood, that expose them to the naked eye. They can be when blood, dirt, ink or grease on the finger come into contact with a smooth surface and leave a uneven ridge impression that is visible without development.

Latent prints
Latent prints are not apparent to the naked eye. They are formed from the sweat from sebaceous glands on the body or water, salt, amino acids and oils contained in sweat. The sweat and fluids create prints must be developed before they can be seen or photographed. They can be made sufficiently visible by dusting, fuming or chemical reagents.

Impressed prints
Impressed prints are also called plastic prints and are indentations left in soft pliable surfaces, such as clay, wax, paint or another surface that will take the impression. They are visible and can be viewed or photographed without development

Chemicals used to develop prints
There are four kinds of chemical reagents used to demostrate invisible, or latent, fingerprints. They are cyanoacrylate, silver nitrate, iodine, and ninhydrin.

The trade name for cyanoacrylate is super glue. Cyanoacrylate is the main ingredient that makes up 98% of Super Glue.

Silver nitrate is a chemical ingredient found in black-and-white photographic film. When silver nitrate is applied to a latent fingerprint, the chloride found in fingerprint residue interacts with the silver nitrate and forms another compound called silver chloride.

The third chemical used to reveal latent fingerprints is called iodine. When heated up, crystalline iodine releases iodine fumes into a fuming chamber, where the iodine interacts

Basic shapes/patterns of fingerprints
Finger prints are easily classified as there are four different basic shapes of pattern — arches, loops, whorls and composites — which are then subdivided according to things like the numbers of ridges between certain points in the pattern.

The History Of FingerPrinting

History
- In 1870 Alphonse Bertillon, a French anthropologist, created a system of classification in which the proportions of certain lanky parts of the body were calculated and recorded. These measurements were then condensed to a formula. In theory, this formula would only apply to one person and wouldn’t change during their adult life. This arrangement was named the Bertillon system, after its originator. This structure seemed to be successful, but it was very hard to search through all the measurements by hand in order to find a person with one arm that was a centimeter longer than the other. It was usually conventional for about thirty years until two men with almost the same name had nearly indistinguishable measurements. The system never recovered from this happening.

-In earlier times, a criminal was usually marked through branding or maiming. The criminal would typically lose the hand inn which he used to commit the crime.
Also some ancient civilizations used fingerprints as a manner of stamping documents or “signing” authorized papers. In olden China and early Persia, thumb prints were found on clay seals or on a variety of official documents. In Persia, a governmental official observed that no one's fingerprints were exactly identical.

Facts on Finger Print History
-The English began using fingerprints in 1858 as means of signing contracts and official papers

-Dr. Henry Faulds was the first to realize the importance of fingerprints as a wayof identification and created a technique of classification.

-The primary acknowledged use of fingerprints in the United States was by Gilbert Thomson who used his own fingerprints on a document in order to prevent forgery.

-An Argentine law enforcement official, Juan Vucetich began the first fingerprint records in 1891 based on the Galton fingerprint arrangements

-He completed the first criminal fingerprint identification in 1892 from a blood-spattered fingerprint found on a entrance post.

-In England and Wales, the use of fingerprints for criminal identification was introduced in 1901.

-In 1905, the U.S. army began using fingerprints for individual identification

Ending Regard On The History of Fingerprinting
-Countless fingerprint records were manually preserve. It took tremendous amount of labor to search for a positive match. Once technology allowed fingerprints to be entered into a computer database for classification, the art of fingerprint identification improved a massively. It permitted unknown prints to be scanned and matched with prints on file through a computer search.